The Effect of Contraceptive Practice on Fertility in Ghana: A Decade of Experience
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study examines some factors that influence fertility behaviour in Ghana, with particular emphasis on the influence of contraception as an intermediate variable. The decade examined covers the period 1988 to 1998 and the factors analyzed are age, residence, education, religion and ethnicity. Employing multivariate regression analysis and path models, the study observes that among all the factors, age is the only variable that6 has a moderate effect on fertility. Also of significant interest is that the positive influence of contraceptive use on fertility in 1988 is reversed in 1998. The study notes that given the non—significant effects obtained save the moderate effect of age, it is not possible to draw a definitive conclusion regarding the impact that any of these factors might have contributed to the observed reduction in fertility during the period. In light of this, the study recommends that more effort would be required if fertility is to be reduced substantially. Nonetheless, the reversal in the effect of contraceptive use between the two periods is seen as encouraging.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".