Inclusion of flaxseed in turkey diets decreases the n‐6/n‐3 PUFA ratio and increases the proportion of biologically active EPA and DHA without affecting meat quality
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the duration of diet administration required for effective modification of meat fatty acids (FA) in turkeys fed diets containing 10% of flaxseed. BIG‐7 female turkeys of 11 wk of age were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments and were fed wheat/soybean‐based diets containing 2.5% of flaxseed oil and 2% of soybean oil (FO), 10% of ground flaxseed (FS), and 10% of flaxseed and NSP‐degrading enzymes (FS + E) for 3, 4, and 5 wk. After 5 wk, the BWG of turkeys from FO and FS + E groups were similar, while group FS birds had a lower body weight ( P = 0.009). When compared to the reference diet FO, diets FS and FS + E decreased ( P < 0.05) the proportion of n‐6 after 4 wk, and increased the proportion of n‐3 in the total FA content of breast meat. As a result, the n‐6/n‐3 ratio for FO, FS, and FS + E decreased in breast meat (from 2.8 to 1.4, and 1.4, respectively). When compared to 4 and 5 wk, meat from turkeys slaughtered after 3 wk of feeding had lower concentrations of total n‐3 FA. However, the proportion of biologically active EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) was the highest after 3 wk. Dietary treatments did not influence the sensory attributes of breast and thigh meat evaluated after 3, 4, and 5 wk. The results indicate that administration of the diet containing 10% of flaxseed for 3 wk would improve the n‐6/n‐3 ratio and EPA and DHA contents without a negative impact on the physicochemical and sensory attributes of meat. Practical applications: The inclusion of 10% of ground flaxseed in turkey diets over a period of 3 wk before slaughter (i.e., at ∼15 wk of age) would decrease the n‐6/n‐3 PUFA ratio in meat portions and would result in considerably higher proportion of biologically active EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) without any negative impact on the physicochemical and sensory attributes of meat, and thus may be more desirable for human health. Further applications may include the use of NSP‐degrading enzymes to alleviate the negative effect of ground flaxseed on body weight gain of turkeys. Growing turkeys were fed wheat/soybean‐based diets containing 2.5% flaxseed oil and 2% soybean oil (FO), 10% ground flax seed (FS), and 10% ground flax seed plus NSP enzyme (FS+E) for 3, 4, and 5 wk. When compared to the reference diet FO, diets FS and FS + E increased the proportion of n‐3 in the total FA content of breast and thigh meat portions and decreased the n‐6/n‐3 ratio. Turkeys slaughtered after 3 weeks of feeding had lower concentrations of total n‐3 FA but the highest proportion of biologically active EPA and DHA.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".