Progressive multiple sclerosis exhibits decreasing glutamate and glutamine over two years
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Few biomarkers of progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) are sensitive to change within the two-year time frame of a clinical trial. OBJECTIVE: To identify biomarkers of MS disease progression with magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in secondary progressive MS (SPMS). METHODS: Forty-seven SPMS subjects were scanned at baseline and annually for two years. Concentrations of N-acetylaspartate, total creatine, total choline, myo-inositol, glutamate, glutamine, and the sum glutamate+glutamine were measured in a single white matter voxel. RESULTS: Glutamate and glutamine were the only metabolites to show an effect with time: with annual declines of (95% confidence interval): glutamate -4.2% (-6.2% to -2.2%, p < 10(-4)), glutamine -7.3% (-11.8% to -2.9%, p = 0.003), and glutamate+glutamine -5.2% (-7.6% to -2.8%, p < 10(-4)). Metabolite rates of change were more apparent than changes in clinical scores or brain atrophy measures. CONCLUSIONS: The high rates of change of both glutamate and glutamine over two years suggest they are promising new biomarkers of MS disease progression.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".