Developing a sentinel mollusc species for toxicity assessment: metal exposure, dose and response – laboratory v. field exposures and resident organisms
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Environmental context Metal contamination in estuarine sediments can affect ecosystem health. Molluscs are commonly used as environmental indicators because they accumulate contaminants that cause adverse health effects. We investigated metal uptake and effects in the Sydney cockle, comparing exposure to contaminated lake sediments in situ and in laboratory aquariums. Although differences were observed between the different exposure types, all approaches were found to be valid for investigating metal health effects in this organism. Abstract Relationships between exposure, tissue dose and biological responses of the benthic marine bivalve Anadara trapezia to an estuarine sediment zinc, copper, lead, cadmium and selenium contamination gradient in Lake Macquarie, NSW, were evaluated using three approaches. Organisms were exposed to sediments in laboratory aquaria, caged in situ in the lake and lake resident organisms collected. Dose included total metal tissue burden and subcellular metal distribution to determine metabolically available metal. Response indices were total antioxidant capacity, lipid peroxidation, lysosomal stability and condition index. Bioaccumulation of total metals was higher in the laboratory and resident organisms than in those transplanted in the field but the contribution of individual metals to the total differed. Laboratory-exposed organisms had increased concentrations of cadmium and lead in their biologically active and detoxified metal fractions but not of the essential elements zinc and copper. Subcellular metal distribution patterns were the same in resident organisms but cadmium and lead burdens were higher in both fractions. Biomarker responses were similar in laboratory, transplanted and resident organisms. Total antioxidant capacity was significantly reduced and lipid peroxidation and lysosomal destabilisation significantly increased in all metal-exposed organisms compared with the reference A. trapezia. Condition index of laboratory-exposed organisms was significantly lower than in situ, resident and reference organisms. Clear metal exposure–dose–response relationships have been demonstrated for A. trapezia in laboratory and in situ experiments. Non-resident organisms, in both exposure scenarios, gave similar responses to resident metal-exposed organisms, showing all approaches are valid when investigating effects in this species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".