Bibliographic record
Abstract
For the first two decades of independence Tanzania enjoyed an apparently tolerant and cordial religious climate. But since the departure of the father of the nation, Julius Nyerere from active politics in 1985 deepening religious tensions and strains began to emerge not only between the state and major religions in the country but also inter and intra-religious strife became common. Since then the country has witnessed deepening state-religious tensions and inter- and intra-religious schisms and conflicts. This paper outlines the contentious relations between the two main religious faiths (Islam and Christianity) vis-a-vis the state since colonial times (German and British) to the seemingly tranquil ujamaa period and the more contentious post- liberalisation era. Key words: Tanganyika; Tanzania; German; British; Colonial; Religion; State; Relations; Christianity; Islam Resume: Pour les deux premieres decennies de l'independance, la Tanzanie a connu une atmosphere religieuse apparemment tolerante et chaleureuse. Mais depuis le depart du Pere de la nation, Julius Nyerere des politiques actives en 1985, des tensions et des souches religieuses ont commence a emerger. Les aggravations sont apparues entre l'Etat et les grandes religions dans le pays, et les conflits inter et intra-religieux sont devenu communs. Depuis, le pays a ete temoin de l'approfondissement des tensions etat-religieuses, des schismes et des conflits inter-et intra-religieux. Le present article decrit les relations controversees entre les deux principales confessions religieuses (Islam et christianisme) vis-a-vis de l'Etat depuis l'epoque coloniale (Allemagne et Angleterre) jusqu'a la periode apparemment tranquille d'Ujamaa et l'ere post-coloniale la plus controversee . Mots-cles: Tanganyika; Tanzanie; Allemagne; Angleterre; Colonial; Religion; Etat; Relations; Christianisme; Islam
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".