Innervation of ascidian siphons and their responses to stimulation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The distribution of sensory cells and nerves was studied in the siphons of Corella inflata Huntsman, 1912 and Corella willmeriana Herdman, 1898 by immunohistology and electron microscopy. Each siphon has about 8000 primary sensory neurons. A coronal organ of the compound type is present on the oral tentacles. Convergence in the afferent pathway is estimated at >10:1. A new category of cells associated with the velar sphincter muscle is described at the tentacle bases. Responses to stimulation were recorded using flow meters. Both siphons are sensitive to touch and near-field vibrations. Removal of the oral tentacles did not diminish vibration sensitivity. Gentle stimulation of the oral siphon evokes crossed responses in which the atrial siphon closes and the velar sphincter contracts. Stronger stimulation produces squirts with closure of both siphons and branchial ciliary arrest. Experiments with polystyrene beads show that the oral tentacles are sensitive to contact with inflowing particles. Beads of 500–600 μm diameter evoked rejection responses 88% of the time, 355–425 μm beads 61%, and beads <125 μm less than 8%. These responses, attributed to the coronal organ, were lost after amputation of the tentacles. Electrophysiology confirmed that crossed responses and squirting are centrally mediated reflexes, but local conduction pathways also exist and survive deganglionation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".