Kinetic study of the hydrogenation of a monoterpene over spent FCC catalyst‐supported nickel
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A feasible route toward the sustainable synthesis of chemicals was provided via the transformation of monoterpene pinenes into pinane. This article discusses the conversion of pinenes to pinane over spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst (SFCCC)‐supported nickel (Ni/SFCCC) at 110–130 °C and 2–6 MPa. The Ni/SFCCC catalyst was characterized by BET, XRD, SEM‐EDS, ICP, and FTIR. These measurements revealed that not only did the noble metal‐free catalyst Ni/SFCCC enhance the hydrogenation of pinenes to pinane, but a high cis‐trans ratio was also obtained: the conversion of pinenes and the cis‐trans ratio reached 98.48 % and 13.89, respectively. By fitting the kinetic data via the power‐law model, the hydrogenation of pinenes followed first‐order reaction kinetics, with the apparent activation energies for the hydrogenation of pinenes to cis‐ and trans‐pinane being 59.42 kJ/mol and 98.38 kJ/mol, respectively. The kinetic models described the formation of cis‐ and trans‐pinane well, with satisfactory accuracy compared to experimental observations. Furthermore, the reaction mechanism was derived via the Langmuir–Hinshelwood (L‐H) approach.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".