CONFIRMATION OF MELOIDOGYNE HAPLA ON STRAWBERRY IN FLORIDA USING MOLECULAR AND MORPHOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES [IDENTIFICACIÓN DEL NEMATODE NODULADOR MELOIDOGYNE HAPLA, EN FRESA EN FLORIDA MEDIANTE MÉTODOS MORFOLÓGICOS Y MOLECULARES]]
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Nyoike, T.W., T. Mekete, R. McSorley, E. Weibelzahl-Karigi, and O. E. Liburd. 2012. Identification of the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne hapla, on strawberry in Florida using morphological and molecular methods. Nematropica 42:253-259. Morphological and molecular studies were conducted to identify a root-knot nematode that was found on strawberry roots growing in Marion County, Florida, and on strawberry transplants imported from nurseries in Ontario, Canada. In early spring 2011, strawberry plants growing in the field were observed showing localized stunting and galled roots. Soil samples collected from the field revealed a very high number of Meloidogyne infective juveniles (232 J2/100cc soil) in one block but relatively low numbers in two other blocks. Morphological studies based on perineal patterns of root-knot females collected from the field-strawberry roots and from strawberry transplants (received from nurseries in October 2011) were conducted. The perineal patterns indicated that they were Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification of the region between COII and 16S rRNA of the mitochdrial DNA produced a single fragment ca 540 bp. Restriction digestion of the amplified PCR products with Dra1 enzyme produced two fragments at 200 and 250 bp indicating that the root-knot nematode in the field and on transplant strawberry plants was M. hapla. DNA sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region produced a single fragment ca 990 bp and a BLAST search in the Genbank revealed that the species was 98% identical to other known M. hapla sequences in the Genbank. This study ascertains that M. hapla recorded on strawberry plants in the field was imported with the transplants from the nurseries in Ontario, Canada. M. hapla, is commonly found in cooler climates and high altitudes, and has been reported as a common pest for strawberries in northeastern United States. Implications of importing nematode-infected strawberry transplants are discussed. Nyoike, T.W., T. Mekete, R. McSorley, E. Weibelzahl-Karigi, and O. E. Liburd. 2012. Identificacion del nematode nodulador Meloidogyne hapla, en fresa en Florida mediante metodos morfologicos y moleculares. Nematropica 42:253-259. Se realizaron estudios morfologicos y moleculares para identificar un nematodo agallador encontrado en raices de fresa en el condado de Marion, Florida y en trasplantes de fresa importados de viveros de Ontario, Canada. A principios de la primavera de 2011, se observaron en el campo rodales de plantas de fresa con enanismo y raices agalladas. Muestras de suelo recolectadas de este campo revelaron un numero muy alto de juveniles infectivos de Meloidogyne (232 J2/100cc suelo) en uno de los bloques pero relativamente bajo en los otros dos bloques. Se llevaron a cabo estudios morfologicos basados en el patron perineal de las hembras del nematodo utilizando muestras de raices de fresa recolectadas en el campo y raices de trasplantes de fresa (recibidos de viveros en Octubre 2011). El patron perineal indico que las hembras eran Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood. La amplificacion de la region entre COII y el 16S rRNA del DNA mitocondrial mediante la reaccion en cadena de la polimerasa produjo un solo fragmento de aprox. 540 bp. La digestion del producto amplificado de la PCR con la enzima Dra1 produjo dos fragmentos a 200 y 250 bp, lo que indicaba que la especie de Meloidogyne encontrada en el campo y en los trasplantes era M. hapla. La secuenciacion del DNA de la region ITS confirmo la identidad de M. hapla con un 98% de similitud con otras especies conocidas de M. hapla depositadas en el Genbank. Este estudio confirma que M. hapla en las plantas de fresa en el campo fue importada con los trasplantes procedentes de Ontario, Canada. M. hapla se encuentra comunmente en climas mas frios y altitudes altas y se ha citado como una plaga comun de la fresa en el noreste de los Estados Unidos de America. Se discute las implicaciones de importar trasplantes de fresa infestados con el nematodo agallador.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".