Effect of respiration on the B<sub>0</sub> field in the human spinal cord at 3T
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: Respiration affects the bulk magnetic susceptibility, causing frequency shifts as shown in the brain at 7T. Due to the close proximity of the spine to the lungs, this effect is expected to be even larger in the spinal cord, resulting in detrimental B0 offset. The goal of this study was to quantify the effect of respiration on B0 variation in the spinal cord. METHODS: Seven healthy subjects were scanned at 3T. Field maps were acquired during inspired and expired conditions. Frequency shift was quantified in the brain, brainstem, and cervico-thoracic spinal cord. A skewed Gaussian function with linear term was fitted to the frequency shift as a function of z-location along the spine. RESULTS: Large frequency shifts were measured along the cord, with a maximum of 74 Hz at C7 (P < 0.05), corresponding to 0.58 ppm. The proposed model was adequately fitted to the respiratory-induced frequency-shifts (adjusted R(2) = 0.9954). The morphology of subjects (weight and height) seemed to have an impact on the amplitude of frequency shift, although correlations were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides a deeper understanding of the contribution of respiration to B0 shift in the spinal cord. The proposed model can be useful for designing future hardware or software strategies to compensate for these B0 variations dynamically.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it