Molecular Evolution and Phylogenomics of the <i>Anopheles gambiae</i> Complex
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Malaria vectors of the Anopheles gambiae complex are made up six species of mosquitoes that are stable and are highly efficient vectors. This group comprises of major and minor vectors, some of which are responsible for transmission of the most deadly strain of malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum . The evolutionary history of this species group was inferred using publically available DNA sequence data. The retrieved sequences were aligned using CLUSTAL W; evolutionary history was inferred using Maximum Likelihood, Neighbor-Joining, and Minimum Evolution methods. Ancestral sequences were also inferred using the FASTML Server-based program for computing ancestral sequences. Based on morphology, ecology and behaviour, Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis (major vectors) were found to evolve from a common ancestor. All the members of this complex were all AT rich. A. gambiae and A. arabiensis had the highest AT composition, while A. merus was the least AT rich among the complex. Evolutionary divergence estimates show that these two major vectors are genetically similar. A. quadriannulatus (non vector) and A. melas (minor vector) were also found to evolve from the same ancestor. Overall, this study gives an understanding of the ancestral lineage of the A. gambiae complex, which will be essential for understanding the origins, evolution, classification and epidemiology of this important disease vector. This may have important implications for the control of malaria.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".