Incidence of Fusarium species and levels of fumonisin B1 in corn in the Samsun province of Turkey
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The contamination of corn with fumonisin produced byFusariumspecies represents an important risk for humans and animals. The incidence ofFusariumspp. and contamination by fumonisin B1(FB1) were studied in field samples from 70 fields of corn during the 2005 and 2006 preharvest seasons in the province of Samsun, Turkey.Fusariumwas the predominant genus isolated from the field samples, withF. verticillioides,F. proliferatumandF. subglutinansbeing the most commonly isolated species. The occurrence ofFusariumspp. varied each year, from 97.14% to 78.57% in 2005 and 2006, respectively. The widespread occurrence of FB1was also observed across the Samsun province. All corn samples infected withF. verticillioides,F. proliferatumandF. subglutinanstested positive for FB1, but none were infected with FB2. Levels of FB1ranged from 0.28 to 8.48 mg kg-1in 2005 and from 0.11 to 2.77 mg kg-1in 2006. The concentration of FB1was lower than 2 mg kg-1in 63.6% of the samples, 28.8% contained from 2 mg kg-1to 5 mg kg-1, while 7.6% contained more than 5 mg kg-1. Our study shows that corn contamination with bothFusariumand FB1was present throughout the Samsun province, but it was strongly dependent on environmental and seasonal conditions. However, there was noFusariumcontamination in certain native white-type and popcorn-type cultivars in 2005 and 2006.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".