Bivalve populations inhabiting hydrothermal vents on submarine volcanoes: using size frequency distributions to infer potential regulatory factors
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In this study, I used length frequency distributions of bivalve populations at hydrothermal vents on submarine volcanoes at the South Tonga Arc and the Valu Fa Ridge to infer processes that may be responsible for the observed population structures. On Volcano 19, the lucinid Bathyaustriella thionipta co‐occurred with the sea star Rumbleaster eructans at two sedimented sites. At one site, live clams were significantly smaller (in shell length, SL ) than dead ones (showing signs of predation by sea stars), whereas at the other site, both, live and dead clams had similarly small SL , suggesting a size refuge from predation. At Volcano 1, mussel beds of Bathymodiolus sp. were present in two areas: one with vigorous hydrothermal discharge (‘Bubbles’), and another with some discharge but also in the photic zone (‘Barracuda’). Mussels were smaller in SL at ‘Bubbles’ than at ‘Barracuda’, a consequence of either a younger population or a nutritionally less favourable environment at ‘Bubbles’. At ‘Barracuda’, mussels utilized both chemo‐ and photosynthetically derived carbon, possibly allowing them to reach larger sizes. At Hine Hina on Valu Fa Ridge, a population of mussels was composed mainly of large individuals (>55 mm SL ), estimated to be on average 7–13 years old. The combination of old mussels, absence of recruits, and presence of abundant empty mussel shells and of dead chimneys suggests that this is a waning hydrothermal system. My results indicate that the population structure of bivalves at hydrothermal vents can provide information on the processes that regulate these populations, which in turn can be used to generate testable hypotheses for the same location, should return visits occur, or for other locations with similarly structured populations.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it