Bibliographic record
Abstract
Migration is an important process in regional and global population redistribution.Newbold (2010: 126) defines migration as "a change of usual residence by a person, family, or household."While internal migration involves the relocation of people within the same country, international migration involves the movement of people across national boundaries.International migration has generated more debate among policy analysts and academicians.The 1990s immigration liberalization in Canada changed the social and cultural fabric of Canadian society.In Immigration and Canada: Global and Transnational Perspectives, the author presents an elaborate and comprehensive analysis of transnational migration.He notes that apart from racial and ethnic conflicts, transnational migration has created problems including resettlement, adequate financial compensation, and integration of new immigrants into the Canadian society.Comprising eleven chapters, the book is skillfully written by a seasoned author on immigration in Canada.Chapter one outlines competing perspectives on the definition of Canadian immigration.Simmons identifies and outlines three contrasting perspectives on Canadian immigration.While the first perspective considers Canadian immigration within the framework of policy, the second perspective focuses on the impact of immigration on Canadian cultural and political development.The third perspective examines Canadian immigration within the framework of political, economic, and cultural process of global and transnational forces.This chapter provides a strong foundation for subsequent chapters.Chapter two focuses exclusively on the theories and implications of international migration on Canada.Simmons addresses the theoretical basis of migration, the process of international migration, and the impact of immigrant settlements on native-born Canadians.While the author acknowledges serious problems in formulating a universal theory on migration, three theories-including push-pull factors, migrant motivation, and border crossing and transitional migration systems-are proposed.Like in most social science disciplines, formulating a universally acceptable theory on international migration is extremely difficult.Nevertheless, the chapter provides an important theoretical framework for subsequent chapters.The next two chapters examine the historic changes in Canadian immigration policies.According to the author, Canadian immigration policies prior to World War I were designed to attract immigrants from Great Britain, the United States, and northern Europe.The Canadian government initiated policies to entice farmers with financial resources, and farm labourers, to migrate into Canada.There was a substantial change to the source region in the 1960s, because of the decline in European immigrants and anti-racist sentiments towards non-Caucasian immigrants.As a result, several multicultural immigrant policies were proposed and implemented in 1971 and 1988 to attract immigrants from other countries.Country of origin and factors responsible for the selection of new immigrants to Canada are the focus of the next two chapters.While chapter 5 outlines the criteria used to determine the number of immigrants admitted in each immigrant class, chapter 6 focuses on the national and ethnic origins of immigrants.Based on the selection criteria, Canadian immigrants are classified into economic, family, refugees, and others.In 2005, a large proportion
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.007 | 0.017 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.018 | 0.009 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.013 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".