Immunosuppressive Effect of Isopropanol: Down-Regulation of Cytokine Production Results from the Alteration of Discrete Transcriptional Pathways in Activated Lymphocytes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Isopropanol (IPA) is widely used in household applications and constitutes a leading cause of acute alcohol intoxication second only to ethanol. Although the effects of ethanol on the immune system have been extensively studied, far fewer data are available on IPA. Given the structural similarity between the two molecules, we hypothesized that IPA could as well have immunomodulatory properties. We report here that acute IPA exposure is detrimental to human T lymphocyte and NK cell activity in vitro in concentrations as low as 0.08-0.16% (13-26 mM). IPA treatment did not affect receptor-mediated early signaling but had a reproducible and dose-dependent effect on the nuclear translocation of NFAT and AP-1. Furthermore, we show in a model of acute IPA intoxication that animals became immunosuppressed as judged by their reduced ability to release IL-2 and IFN-gamma in the serum in response to staphylococcal enterotoxin B. This effect was also associated to the down-regulation of TNF-alpha production and was sufficiently strong to rescue susceptible animals from enterotoxin-induced toxic shock. Our results suggest that IPA is potentially immunosuppressive to the adaptive and innate immune system and have broad significance given the exposure of the general population to this ubiquitous chemical.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".