Could the use of energy drinks induce manic or depressive relapse among abstinent substance use disorder patients with comorbid bipolar spectrum disorder?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Rizkallah É, Bélanger M, Stavro K, Dussault M, Pampoulova T, Chiasson J‐P, Potvin S. Could the use of energy drinks induce manic or depressive relapse among abstinent substance use disorder patients with comorbid bipolar spectrum disorder? Bipolar Disord 2011: 13: 578–580. © 2011 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Objective: The potential harmful effects of excessive caffeine consumption remain largely unknown among psychiatric populations. Energy drinks have particularly high levels of caffeine content and have previously been shown to induce psychotic relapse. Clinical observations of three bipolar disorder patients with comorbid substance use disorder revealed an excessive consumption of energy drinks prior to manic or depressive relapse. Background: Three patients with bipolar spectrum disorder and comorbid substance use disorder were assessed by a psychiatrist upon re‐admission to a rehabilitation centre following manic or depressive relapse. The assessment was based on DSM‐IV criteria and performed by a psychiatrist who specialized in bipolar spectrum disorder and comorbidities to determine the presence of manic or depressive relapse. Two patients were diagnosed with bipolar disorder type I, and the third with bipolar disorder type II. All three patients were diagnosed with comorbid substance use disorders and all three abused cocaine. Results: In all three cases, relapse occurred following at least one week of excessive binging on energy drinks, with a maximum daily consumption of nine cans. Following cessation of energy drink consumption, two of the patients remained abstinent from drug use and maintained psychiatric stability. One patient relapsed three months post‐treatment and resumed consuming cocaine and energy drinks. Conclusions: These clinical observations support other case reports that suggest the existence of a potential correlation between excessive energy drink consumption and relapse among psychiatric populations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".