Wavelength and energy dispersive X-ray studies of contaminants in water treed insulation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The authors describe the results of an investigation to locate the contaminants within water trees grown in polymeric insulation using energy- and wavelength-dispersive X-ray (EDX and WDX) spectroscopy. Trees were grown in low-density polyethylene cross-linked polyethylene and dry-cured exposed to solutions of NaCl or CuSO/sub 4/ at stresses up to 8 kV/mm. Some specimens examined semiconducting electrodes and also a semiconducting layer in the middle of the insulation, to form a sandwich-type specimen. It is shown that water trees contain contaminants in sufficient concentration to be detected by EDX and WDX X-ray spectroscopy. In steam-cured cables WDX has shown that the contaminants appear to concentrate in the cavities of the treed regions within these cables. A scanning electron microscopy backscattered electron image was used to reveal the location of water trees and their contaminants distribution. Contaminants appear to be distributed throughout the entire water tree and do not seem to concentrate in any specific region of the tree. It is also shown that particles at the semiconductor/insulation interface result in the rapid growth of water trees in the presence of moisture and electric stress.>
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".