Bibliographic record
Abstract
Beginning in 1850 a series of governmental commissions were struck in Britain to examine the position of children in relation to the law. The purpose of these commissions was to examine the role of judicial punishment in the treatment of juvenile delinquency. The general view adopted reflected many elements of the late-Victorian conception of male-delinquency; hence, the various acts regulating juvenile justice suggested that whipping was an unsuitable penalty for adults, and the corporal punishment of girls disappeared except in reformatories. However, whipping was described as an ideal method of treating boy offenders. But by the early twentieth century, whipping was falling out of favour in England. In Scotland, despite opposition, birching continued to be used alongside probation. This paper examines the battle over the birch in Scotland, where by the 1930s a coalition of anti-birching labour organizations, womens groups, rural and urban police, magistrates, and social workers were challenging the use of this time-honoured method of punishment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".