Distribution of microamounts of some M<sup>2+</sup> ions during ZnSO<sub>4</sub>·7H<sub>2</sub>O crystallization
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Distribution coefficients (D) of trace amounts of Ni 2+ , Co 2+ , Mg 2+ , Cd 2+ , Cu 2+ , Mn 2+ , Ca 2+ , and Fe 2+ have been determined during crystallization of ZnSO 4 ·7H 2 O. Their dependencies on the ionic radii of M 2+ ions, solubilities and structures of the corresponding sulfates as well as their abilities to form solid solutions with ZnSO 4 ·7H 2 O have been analyzed. The D values are in the range <0.006 (D Ca ) - 1.61 (D Ni ) and depend mainly on similarity of the structures of the corresponding sulfates and the ability of MSO 4 ·nH 2 O to form solid solutions with ZnSO 4 ·7H 2 O. The order of lowering some of the determined distribution coefficients (D Ni > D Mg > D Co > D Fe > D cu ) exactly agrees with increase of the deformation trend of octahedral coordination of corresponding ions resulting from their electronic configuration. The D coefficients do not depend on similarity of size of ionic radii of microcomponent (r M2+ ) to macrocomponent (r Zn2+ ), however for ions forming monoclinic sulfate hydrates at 20°C (Co 2+ , Fe 2+ , Cd 2+ , Ca 2+ ) this dependence of distribution coefficients on r M2+ is linear in a plot of log D against ionic radius. The effect of solubilities of corresponding sulfates in water on the D coefficients is complex and clouded by crystal-chemical factors.Key words: crystallization, zinc(II) sulfate heptahydrate, cocrystallization, distribution coefficients D (Henderson-Kracek, Khlopin), distribution of trace impurities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".