Complete separation along matrilines in a social spider metapopulation inferred from hypervariable mitochondrial DNA region
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The distribution and quantity of genetic diversity may be profoundly influenced by the emergence and dynamics of social groups. Permanent social living in spiders has resulted in the subdivision of their populations in more or less isolated colony lineages that grow, proliferate and become extinct without mixing with one another. A newly discovered hypervariable mitochondrial DNA region allowed us to examine the fine scale metapopulation structure in the social Anelosimus eximius. We sampled 39 colonies in Ecuador and French Guiana and identified 25 haplotypes. The majority of colonies contained one haplotype. Additional haplotypes occurred in approximately 15% of the colonies, and were always closely related to the common colony haplotype. Our findings confirm that colonies consist of single matrilines, with within-colony variation explained by mutations within the matriline. We thus found no evidence of mixing of matrilines. Likewise, colonies in a cluster often shared a haplotype, implying common colony ancestry. In few cases, however, haplotypes were shared between more distant colonies, providing evidence for occasional longer distance dispersal and/or widespread colony lineages. The geographical localities of colonies were incongruent with phylogenetic trees and haplotype networks, showing that some areas contained two or more matrilines. Hence, females do not migrate into foreign colonies, but faithfully remain within their own colony lineage, even when they disperse into new areas. These results indicate that the fine scale metapopulation structure of pure matrilines is maintained over the long term and that colony turnover is not extensive or radical enough to homogenize entire geographical areas. Genetic diversity is thus preserved to some extent at the metapopulation level.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".