The histopathological spectrum of cutaneous meningeal heterotopias: clues and pitfalls
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
AIMS: To describe the histopathological features of heterotopic cutaneous meningeal tissue. METHODS AND RESULTS: Nineteen cases were collected between 1993 and 2010. Immunohistochemistry for epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), neuron specific enolase (NSE), S100, glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), progesterone receptor (PR), CD31, glucose transporter-1 (Glut-1), podoplanin and NKI-C3 was performed. Lesions were congenital (100%) and presented as aplasia cutis with alopecia (63%) or lumps (37%), on the scalp (18 of 19) and sacral region. Resonance magnetic imaging revealed four underlying anomalies of the neuraxis. Histopathological analysis showed meningeal tissue arranged in four variably associated architectural patterns: fibrous (100%), pseudovascular (100%), cellular (68%) and pseudomyxoid (32%). Other features included collagen bodies (58%), calcifications (26%) and dermal melanocytes (32%). Heterotopic brain tissue or heterotopic ependymal cyst was associated in two cases. Arachnoidal cells expressed EMA and NSE, but not S100 protein, CD31 or GFAP. They expressed podoplanin (93%), especially in pseudovascular areas, NKI-C3 (79%), and less frequently Glut-1 (46%) and PR (30%). CONCLUSIONS: Histopathological features of cutaneous meningeal heterotopias are various and sometimes misleading. Fibrous lesions should not be misdiagnosed as aplasia cutis. Podoplanin-positive pseudovascular spaces represent the main pitfall and should not be diagnosed as lymphangioma. Correct diagnosis is confirmed by EMA and NSE coexpression within the lesion.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it