Samarium‐Doped Fluorochlorozirconate Glass–Ceramics as Red‐Emitting X‐Ray Phosphors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We have examined the photoluminescence (PL) and X‐ray luminescence (XL) of fluorochlorozirconate (FCZ) glass–ceramics (FCZ‐GC) doped with Sm 3+ and Sm 2+ ions. Sm‐doped FCZ‐GCs have been prepared by annealing a ZBLAN glass of nominal composition 53% ZrF 4 , 20% NaF, 3% AlF 3 , 3% LaF 3 , 1% SmF 3 , 1% BaF 2 , 19% BaCl 2 (mol%) above the glass transition of the host glass matrix. SmF 3 was added to the initial glass mix for trivalent samarium doping. Sm 2+ doping was achieved by reducing Sm 3+ to Sm 2+ during the melting of the initial mix by the addition of NaBH 4 . FCZ‐GC contains BaCl 2 nanocrystals formed during the annealing with embedded Sm 2+ ions, which dominate PL and XL. The PL of Sm 2+ ions embedded in BaCl 2 nanocrystals strongly depends on their crystal structure (hexagonal or orthorhombic) and may be used to identify that structure. The correlation of the PL spectra with X‐ray diffraction data is used to estimate the size of nanocrystals. The nanocrystals with average dimensions <∼30 nm are mainly hexagonal while larger crystals are mostly orthorhombic. XL is more efficient in glass–ceramics containing relatively large BaCl 2 nanocrystals with hexagonal crystal structure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".