Morning vs. evening feed delivery for lactating dairy cows
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Nikkhah, A., Furedi, C. J., Kennedy, A. D., Scott, S. L., Wittenberg, K. M. Crow, G. H. and Plaizier, J. C. 2011. Morning vs. evening feed delivery for lactating dairy cows. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 113–122. A study was conducted to investigate the effects of changing feed delivery time from morning (0900) to evening (2100) on feed intake, diurnal feed intake patterns, digestion, rumen fermentation, milk production and composition, as well as on several blood metabolites. Eight (four ruminally cannulated) lactating Holstein cows, consisting of four primiparous and four multiparous cows, were used in the study. The change in the time of feed delivery increased the proportion of feed consumed within 3 h of feed delivery in all cows (54.7 vs. 46.3±4.1%, means±SE, P=0.05), but increased daily dry matter intake only in primiparous cows (18.5 vs. 20.4±0.7 kg d−1, P=0.05). Average daily concentrations of blood glucose, lactate, urea and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) as well as rumen pH and concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFA) were not affected by feed delivery time. However, rumen pH was lower (P<0.05), at 5 and 6 h after feed delivery, while total rumen VFA and acetate were higher (P<0.05) only at 6 h after feed delivery in cows fed in the evening. Also, compared with feed delivery at 0900, feeding cows at 2100 resulted in lower (P<0.05) blood glucose and urea at 2 h after feed delivery, and increased BHBA (P<0.05) at 4 and 6 h after feed delivery. Cows fed at 2100 tended to produce more milk fat than those fed at 0900 (1.11 vs. 0.97±0.07 kg d−1, P=0.08). Milk yield and milk protein were not affected by the time of feed delivery. Changing the feed delivery time from morning to evening increased apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen, and neutral detergent fibre. The results of this study suggest that changing time of feed delivery from 0900 to 2100 increases feed consumption within 3 h after this delivery and rumen fermentation within 6 h after this delivery, changes diurnal patterns of glucose, urea and BHBA in peripheral blood, tends to increase milk fat, and increases nutrient digestibilities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".