Additive genetic variance and effects of inbreeding, sex and age on heterophil to lymphocyte ratio in song sparrows
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary Physiological traits can influence individual fitness and evolutionary changes in stress‐related physiological traits have been hypothesized to mediate the evolution of life‐history traits and trade‐offs. The hypothesis that such physiological variation could drive ongoing life‐history evolution requires non‐zero additive genetic variance in individual stress‐related physiological traits. However, the magnitude of genetic and environmental components of phenotypic variation in stress‐related physiological traits has not been estimated in fully developed vertebrates under natural environmental conditions. We used 490 observations of heterophil to lymphocyte (H : L) ratio, one stress‐related physiological trait, collected from 350 fully developed song sparrows ( Melospiza melodia ) across nine different sampling periods to estimate direct and interacting effects of individual and parental coefficients of inbreeding ( f ), sampling period, age and sex, and to estimate additive genetic variance and heritability. Across all nine sampling periods combined, H : L ratio increased with individual f . However, there was a significant individual f by period interaction whereby H : L ratio increased with individual f in two of the nine sampling periods, hence indicating inbreeding depression. H : L ratio was higher (suggesting an increase in baseline stress level) in older individuals, did not differ between males and females and did not vary with parental f . A quantitative genetic ‘animal model’ estimated low additive genetic variance in individual H : L ratio. The estimated heritability was h 2 = 0·04 and did not differ significantly from zero. Overall, these results imply that the magnitude of inbreeding depression, as measured through H : L ratio, varies with environmental conditions. In contrast, the low estimated heritability implies relatively low potential for H : L ratio to show an evolutionary response to selection, or hence to mediate the evolution of life‐history trade‐offs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".