Bibliographic record
Abstract
Electricity has been variously described as 'fungible', 'homogeneous' and 'totally undifferentiated' - the product is completely indistinguishable in that all electrons are identical. It varies in value according to time and place - power is much more valuable during peak time on a congested grid than during off-peak hours when there is ample supply in relation to demand. Demand varies wildly from hour to hour and from day to day over the course of a year. The flow of electricity cannot be directed: it flows according to Kirchoff's laws and takes (literally) the path of least resistance. In other words, '[e]lectricity is transmitted between different locations by a network according to the laws of physics, not the contracts between generators and buyers'. There is therefore no direct physical relationship between an individual generator and an individual consumer and a fiction is used to ascribe the flows accordingly. Furthermore '[e]lectrons do not know when they have crossed a state or provincial boundary' but governance becomes harder when electricity crosses political boundaries, as it becomes necessary to accommodate potentially conflicting political preferences. Since it 'travels around the AC grid at the speed of light', it becomes 'impossible to predict where a particular power plant's output will go at a particular point in time'.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".