Bibliographic record
Abstract
Electricity has been variously described as 'fungible', 'homogeneous' and 'totally undifferentiated' - the product is completely indistinguishable in that all electrons are identical. It varies in value according to time and place - power is much more valuable during peak time on a congested grid than during off-peak hours when there is ample supply in relation to demand. Demand varies wildly from hour to hour and from day to day over the course of a year. The flow of electricity cannot be directed: it flows according to Kirchoff's laws and takes (literally) the path of least resistance. In other words, '[e]lectricity is transmitted between different locations by a network according to the laws of physics, not the contracts between generators and buyers'. There is therefore no direct physical relationship between an individual generator and an individual consumer and a fiction is used to ascribe the flows accordingly. Furthermore '[e]lectrons do not know when they have crossed a state or provincial boundary' but governance becomes harder when electricity crosses political boundaries, as it becomes necessary to accommodate potentially conflicting political preferences. Since it 'travels around the AC grid at the speed of light', it becomes 'impossible to predict where a particular power plant's output will go at a particular point in time'.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.017 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".