Betaine is as effective as folate at re‐synthesizing methionine for protein synthesis during moderate methionine deficiency in piglets (827.15)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Methionine is an essential amino acid that is in high demand in neonates for protein synthesis as well as for transmethylation (TM) reactions, such as creatine synthesis and DNA methylation. TM reactions produce homocysteine, which can be either converted to cysteine or re‐methylated to methionine via folate or betaine (synthesized from choline). It is unclear whether both remethylation pathways are equally important in neonates for remethylation. The objective of this study was to determine whether supplementation with folate, betaine or a combination of both (n=6) can re‐synthesize methionine for protein synthesis when dietary methionine is limiting. In piglets adapted to low‐methionine diets devoid of folate, choline and betaine, we measured 13 C‐phenylalanine oxidation pre‐ and post‐supplementation as an indicator of protein synthesis. Prior to supplementation, plasma folate (‐60%), betaine (‐95%), dimethylglycine (‐95%), choline (‐60%) and cysteine (‐45%) were all lower (p<0.05) compared to baseline with no change in homocysteine. Post‐supplementation, phenylalanine oxidation levels were ~30% lower (p<0.05) with any methyl donor supplementation with no difference among groups. This demonstrates an equal capacity for betaine and folate to remethylate methionine for protein synthesis and warrants future research on betaine in the infant diet. Grant Funding Source : Supported by Canadian Institutes of Health Research
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".