The love of liberty divided us here? : factors leading to the introduction and postponement in passage of Liberia's Dual Citizenship Bill
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Having never been formally colonised and more recently emerging from 14 years of intermittent armed conflict, Liberia represents a stark case study in citizenship construction because of its idiosyncratic history of black settler state formation.Because 'Liberian citizenship' has historically been a tool of exclusion-once barring women, non--settlers, non--Christians, and non--blacks-it remains a violently contested space of inquiry with newer forms of citizenship now developing in Liberia and within transnational spaces.In this thesis, I argue that conflict, migration, globalisation and post--war recovery have configured and reconfigured 'Liberian citizenship' across space and time, thereby influencing the introduction and postponement in passage of a dual citizenship bill proposed in 2008. 1 The bill is used as a point of entry to evaluate Liberia's long--standing struggle to construct a unique brand of citizenship that is totalising, tactical and timeless.My findings show that contemporary constructions of 'Liberian citizenship' transcend the legal definition enshrined in the country's Aliens and Nationality Law-moving from passive, identity--based citizenship to more active, practice-based citizenship.Thus, claims for and counter--claims against dual citizenship are manifestations of the hybridity of citizenship (identity + practice).Using actor-oriented analysis as my theoretical framework, I examine the interfaces between 202 Liberian interviewees-namely, homeland Liberians in Monrovia; Liberian diasporas in London, Washington, Freetown, and Accra; permanent and circular returnees; executive and legislative members of government, including the four sponsors of the proposed dual citizenship bill-showing that their conceptualisations of 'Liberian citizenship' differ according to their lived experiences and social locations, and ultimately influence participation, or lack thereof, in post--war recovery.Given the dynamic trends in citizenship configuration across the globe and particularly in Africa, my findings fill gaps in the growing body of literature on citizenship and participation in emigrant--sending countries.The thesis further contributes to debates about how to rebuild states whose wars were fuelled by the politicisation of identity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.009 | 0.022 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.013 | 0.024 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.013 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".