Coagulase‐Negative <i>Staphylococcus</i>, Catheter‐Related, Bloodstream Infections and their Association with Acute Phase Markers of Inflammation in the Intensive Care Unit: An Observational Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between the isolation of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus in blood cultures and acute phase markers of inflammation. METHODS: The present study was a prospective observational analysis conducted at three medical/surgical intensive care units (ICUs) involving adult patients with an expected ICU stay of more than 24 h duration. RESULTS: Of the 598 patients enrolled, 573 developed suspected bloodstream infection and 434 (72.6%) had blood cultures sent 24 h after ICU admission; 142 were excluded due to positive cultures from other sites. Of the remaining 292 patients, 31 (10.7%) grew coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, 59 (20.2%) grew known pathogenic organisms and 202 (69.2%) did not grow any organisms in their blood cultures. Twenty-five patients without suspicion of infection served as the control group. Interleukin (IL)-6, procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were highest among the known pathogen group (IL-6 271.8 U/L, PCT 4.6 U/L and CRP 164 mg/L), were similar between the coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and negative culture groups (IL-6 67.0 U/L versus 61.4 U/L [P=1.00]; PCT 1.0 U/L versus 0.9 U/L [P=0.80]; and CRP 110 mg/L versus 103 mg/L [P=0.75]), and were lowest in the control group (IL-6 31.0 U/L, PCT 0.2 U/L and CRP 41.0 mg/L). In the coagulase-negative Staphylococcus group, patients who died by day 28 had increased inflammatory bio-marker levels compared with survivors, although the differences were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus isolated from blood cultures were associated with lower levels of inflammation compared with bloodstream infections due to known pathogens and were comparable with levels in patients with negative cultures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".