Bibliographic record
Abstract
Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are computer-based systems that use geographical data in conjunction with analysis and management tools to improve the decision-making abilities of organisations (Heywood et al 2006). The recent rapid development and increased accessibility of the Internet has led to the emergence of a new brand of GIS systems; Internet based GIS. Internet based GIS combine the decision-making abilities of GIS systems with the customisation, accessibility, and interactive power of the Internet. \n \nThis paper investigates a range of issues involved in the development of real-world Internet based GIS applications. These issues are evaluated from three distinct perspectives that impact on the development of GIS applications. These are the technical, commercial and social perspectives. The primary objective of this paper is to explicitly discover and explain the links between the issues from these different perspectives. \n \nIn order to discover these issues, a case study was conducted that involved the development of a web-based GIS application for an Auckland IT company, Coeus Ltd. This application utilises an online GIS Application Programming Interface to provide GIS functionality that has been customised to meet Coeus’ requirements. To supplement the issues identified from this case, an extensive literature review is also incorporated into this research. \n \nFollowing the identification and explanation of the issues, links between each of the perspectives are explained. These links show that issues from one perspective have an impact on the success of a GIS from the other two perspectives. This highlights the importance of considering a range of issues from the different perspectives when developing a web based GIS application.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.037 | 0.101 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.028 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".