Impact of pharmacy outreach services on blood pressure management in the elderly community of Hong Kong
Bibliographic record
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the impact of the Pharmacy Outreach Service (POS) on blood pressure (BP) and disease knowledge among community-dwelling elderly patients with hypertension, and to evaluate the sustainability of such impact of POS. METHODS: A prospective open-labeled study of elderly adults (aged ≥65 years) with hypertension (BP ≥140/90 mmHg for non-diabetics and ≥130/80 mmHg for diabetics) was carried out at seven elderly community centers from July 2008 to March 2010. Pharmacists provided BP monitoring, medication review and disease knowledge assessment. The target BP was <140/90 mmHg for non-diabetics and <130/80 mmHg for diabetics. The primary outcome was BP change, whereas the secondary outcome was the change of disease knowledge of hypertension. All outcomes were compared between baseline and the last visit. For POS 2008/09 participants, BP was compared between values obtained during POS 2008/09 and 2009/10. RESULTS: A total of 97 participants were recruited. Systolic BP reduced significantly from 152.38±18.80 mmHg to 147.04±20.72 mmHg (P=0.021), and diastolic BP reduced from 73.84±11.36 mmHg to 71.03±10.97 mmHg (P=0.010). Cumulative reductions in mean systolic BP and diastolic BP throughout the 2-year study period were 21.39±24.72 mmHg and 9.88±13.48 mmHg, respectively (P<0.001). A 12% increase in the at-goal rate was observed in new participants recruited in 2009 (P=0.039). Disease knowledge of hypertension improved significantly (P<0.005), particularly in areas that included the definition of hypertension, diet and lifestyle modification. CONCLUSIONS: The POS might improve blood pressure control, hypertension and diabetes knowledge in elderly adults with hypertension in Hong Kong. The effect on blood pressure improvement was sustainable.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".