Aziza Khazzoom, Shifting Ethnic Boundaries and Inequality in Israel: or How the Polish Peddler Became a German Intellectual.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
S ince the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948, thousands of Jews from all over the world have immigrated there.They were divided into two categories: Mizrahim and Ashkenazim.Mizrahim are Jews whose origins are from Africa and Asia and Ashkenazim are from Europe and America.The latter have dominated every aspect of the state politically, economically, and culturally through the exclusion of the Mizrahim and Palestinians (the indigenous people of the country).Aziza Khazzoom's book Shifting Ethnic Boundaries and Inequality in Israel deals with the origins of the exclusion of the Mizrahim and tries to explain why one group excludes another by focusing both quantitatively and qualitatively on the labour market and its connection to education.Her innovative methodology strengthens and enlivens the analysis.Studies of the exclusion of the Mizrahim are not new; over the last decade it has become a popular field.The analysis of this topic can be traced to the classic works of Deborah Bernstein and Shlomo Swirski (1982) and Ella Shohat (1989), and continues with the recent works of Yehouda Shenhav (2006) and Gil Eyal (2006).Even so, Shifting Ethnic Boundaries and Inequality in Israel deals with the subject in a new and complex way, accepting the Ashkenazi-Mizrahi dichotomy while problematizing it.In contrast to other scholars, she asserts that this dichotomy did not appear immediately, but rather developed over the years.The subtitle, How the Polish Peddler Became a German Intellectual, hints at the process through which initially large internal differences were reduced between groups on each side of the Ashkenazi-Mizrahi boundary, while the latter was strengthened.The book shows how immigrants from Poland did not enjoy the same access to education and inclusion as other Ashkenazi groups but their children did.Most immigrants from Africa and Asia suffered from exclusion in the labour market, with one significant exception.Khazzoom found that immigrants from Iraq enjoyed inclusion and high access to education similar to some Ashkenazi groups; she calls it the "Iraqi Paradox."However, this paradox has been diminished, as the children of Iraqi immigrants
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".