Intermittent catheterization practices following spinal cord injury: a national survey.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To identify intermittent catheterization (IC) practices and factors associated with urinary tract infection (UTI) in community-dwelling people living with spinal cord injury (SCI) in Canada. STUDY DESIGN: A national survey employing a 36-item self-report questionnaire that was mailed to members of the Canadian Paraplegic Association (CPA). RESULTS: There were 912 respondents with SCI of either traumatic or nontraumatic etiology. Fifty-five percent of the respondents used IC. The mean age of users (47+/-14 years) was significantly younger than non-users (53+/-13 years) and a greater percentage of males (57%) than females (50%) used IC. Of those who used IC, 26% use hydrophilic catheters either exclusively or sometimes. The mean frequency of UTIs in the past 12 months for IC users was 2.6+/-2.6. Among IC users, females had a significantly greater number of UTIs than males (p=0.003). Linear regression analysis revealed that the variables of sex, number of catheterizations per day, age, and tetraplegia versus paraplegia were individually correlated with infection rate but collectively only explained a small proportion of the variance. Time lost from social activities due to UTIs was associated with compromised quality of life more so than the actual number of UTIs or days lost from work. CONCLUSION: The survey identifies existing IC practices and confirms previous reports of UTI rate being dependent on frequency of catheterization and reduced infection rates in individuals using hydrophilic catheters. UTI rates were significantly associated with several clinical and demographic variables but only poorly modeled by the IC practices and lifestyle variables investigated in this study.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".