A Low Noise D-Band VCO With a Wide Bandwidth and a Steady Output Power
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A 129-159 GHz frequency synthesizer is implemented using a low phase noise (PN) 43-53 GHz VCO core driving a featured tunable differential tripler. The load of the proposed tripler can be tuned to the third harmonic of the input frequency to adaptively maximize the output power over the entire range of output bandwidth. The fabricated chip achieves maximum output power of -8 dBm, and the average PN for the VCO core is -99.6 dBc/Hz and -115.5 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz and 10 MHz offsets, respectively. Having the frequency tuning range of almost 30 GHz, this is the widest-band width, 65 nm D-band CMOS signal source reported to this date which can precisely sustain the high output power at its wide output bandwidth. The synthesizer consumes 95 mW of power, which corresponds to an average FOM of -173 dBc/Hz. Suppression of unwanted harmonics is better than 31 dBc across the entire bandwidth. The core design occupies only 300 × 250 μm.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".