Comparative analyses of ion release, <scp>pH</scp> and multispecies biofilm formation between conventional and bioactive gutta‐percha
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Aim To analyse the effect of commercial and experimental gutta‐percha with the addition of niobium phosphate glass on biofilm formation by oral bacteria from human dental plaque. Additional pH and elemental release of the materials were analysed. Methodology The multispecies biofilm was grown anaerobically from plaque bacteria on standardized discs of each material: hydroxyapatite ( HA ), gutta‐percha pellets ( OBT ) (Obtura pellets, Shoreline, CT , USA ), ProTaper gutta‐percha ( PTP ) (ProTaper Universal Gutta‐Percha Points, Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland), EndoSequence BC gutta‐percha ( GBC ) (Brasseler USA , Savannah, GA , USA ), experimental gutta‐percha associated with niobium phosphate glass ( GNB ) and niobium phosphate glass ( NPG ). Specimens ( n = 5 per group and per incubation period) were incubated in brain–heart infusion broth for 3, 14 and 30 days, at 37 °C, and stained using live/dead viability assay. Images were analysed by confocal laser scanning microscopy ( CLSM ) and the total biovolume (mm 3 ), viable bacteria biovolume (mm 3 ), and live percentage (%) were quantified. For pH measurement, specimens of each material ( n = 3) were immersed in phosphate‐buffered saline at 37 °C, and pH was monitored in multiple intervals, up to 30 days. For elemental analysis, additional specimens ( n = 3) were immersed in deionized water and elemental release was analysed by ICP ‐ OES (inductively coupled plasma – optical emission spectrometry) at time intervals of 3, 14 and 30 days. Differences between groups were evaluated by the two‐way analysis of variation ( anova ) with Tukey's post hoc test ( P < 0.05). Results The lowest total biovolume at 30 days was found in GNB , GBC and NPG . GNB had the lowest viable bacteria biovolume (mean value) at 30 days ( P < 0.05), and the lowest live percentage of bacteria at 3 and 30 days ( P < 0.05), whilst NPG had the lowest live percentage at 14 days ( P < 0.05). GNB had the highest pH (8.45) after 30 days ( P < 0.05), and the greatest Zn and Na release at all time intervals ( P < 0.05). Both GBC and GNB had significantly higher Ca release at 14 and 30 days. Conclusion GNB and GBC reduced biofilm formation, GNB had the lowest amount of viable bacteria in biofilms with the highest pH , and high Zn and Na release values after 30 days.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".