Finite element modeling of steel piles and suction caissons in sand under lateral and inclined load
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The behavior of a steel pipe pile in sand subjected to lateral load is examined by three-dimensional finite element (FE) analyses using the commercially available software package ABAQUS/Standard 6.10 EF1. The sand around the pile is modeled using a modified form of Mohr-Coulomb soil model. The modifications involve the nonlinear variation of elastic soil modulus with mean stress and the variation of mobilized angle of internal friction and dilation angle with plastic shear strain, which are implemented in ABAQUS/Standard using a user subroutine. Numerical analyses are also performed by using the LPILE software which is based on the p-y curve approach and widely used in design for estimating lateral load capacity of pile foundations. The FE and LPILE results are compared with the results of two full-scale tests available in the literature. It is shown that the FE model better simulates the response of a pile under lateral load. Comparing the numerical results with the full-scale test results, some limitations of the p-y curve method are highlighted. -- In the second part of the study, finite element analyses are performed to estimate the pullout capacity of a suction caisson subjected to oblique loading. Three-dimensional finite element analyses are performed using ABAQUS/Standard 6.10 EF1 finite element software. The effects of two key variables, loading angle and mooring line position, are investigated. The finite element results are compared with centrifuge test results available in the literature. The maximum pullout capacity is obtained when the mooring line is attached at approximately 75% depth of the caisson for the cases analyzed in this study.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".