Sex-ratio variation versus interplant distances in the regulation of pollen deposition and seed production in dioecious <i>Cirsium arvense</i> (Asteraceae)<sup>1</sup>This article is part of a Special Issue entitled “Pollination biology research in Canada: Perspectives on a mutualism at different scales”.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pollination success in dioecious plants is expected to be regulated by the ratio of female:male plants and the distances between plants of each sex. These factors have received considerable attention in studies of dioecious and other gender dimorphic plants, yet their effects have rarely been jointly considered. We documented sex ratios in 26 populations of Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. (creeping thistle), a widely distributed clonal dioecious plant, and show that population sex ratios are generally female biased (∼60% of shoots were female, and 15 of 26 populations were female biased). We found clear evidence for a negative association between pollen loads and distances between females and males within populations. In contrast, and in spite of broad variation in sex ratios among populations (range: 0.11–0.99 female), we found no relationship between sex ratios and pollen receipt by females. However, both sex ratios and interplant distances were associated with female seed production: seed production declined with distances between females and males and increased with the proportion of male shoots. Our data suggest that female plants of C. arvense might often be pollen limited and that distances between individual females and males drive pollen limitation more strongly than the overall frequency of males within sites.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".