Effect of channel size on liquid‐liquid plug flow in small channels
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The hydrodynamic properties of plug flow were investigated in small channels with 0.5‐, 1‐, and 2‐mm internal diameter, for an ionic liquid/aqueous two‐phase system with the aqueous phase forming the dispersed plugs. Bright field Particle Image Velocimetry combined with high‐speed imaging were used to obtain plug length, velocity, and film thickness, and to acquire velocity profiles within the plugs. Plug length decreased with mixture velocity, while for constant mixture velocity it increased with channel size. Plug velocity increased with increasing mixture velocity and channel size. The film thickness was predicted reasonably well for Ca > 0.08 by Taylor's (Taylor, J Fluid Mech. 1961;10(2):161–165) model. A fully developed laminar profile was established in the central region of the plugs. Circulation times in the plugs decreased with increasing channel size. Pressure drop was predicted reasonably well by a modified literature model, using a new correlation for the film thickness derived from experimental values. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 315–324, 2016
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".