Bibliographic record
Abstract
Even though over 40% of the population in the world live under the system of federalism, there are few studies on federalism in Korea. The federalism studies in Korea to this day can be classified into the following four categories; First, federalism studies for the purpose of unification of north and south Korea. Second, introductions of foreign federalism in order to use it as basic materials for diplomatic relationships or business with other countries. Most of these introductions are just superficial. Third, federalism studies for the fulfillment of academic interests. Fourth, federalism studies for the purpose of political reform and decentralization in Korea. The second chapter deals with the meanings of federalism. It is impossible to define federalism clearly because there are so many different definitions about federalism among scholars over the world. Therefore, this study tries to explain five elements of federalism instead defining it. Federalism is compared to confederation and unitary state to make it easy to understand. Also, the relations between federalism and decentralization are added. Usually federal nations are more decentralized than unitary state, but it is not always right. In certain circumstances decentralized unitary state can be more decentralized than centralized federal nations. The third chapter deals with principles of federalism for its positive function, theoretical backgrounds of federalism and types of federalism. The principles of federalism are self-determination, codetermination and cooperation. The types of federalism are as followed: Separation-model and combination-model according to relations between administrative power and legislative power, competitive federalism and cooperative federalism according to the relations between central state and regional state, symmetrical federalism and asymmetrical federalism. Also, there are two different theoretical tradition in federalism: american federalism and european federalism. The fourth chapter deals with concrete systems of federalism in several nations; their formation, constitutional guarantee, dividing powers, participation of states in federation, financial distribution, the second chamber as representation of regional interest etc. At first, the system of federal nations with american federalism tradition(USA, Canada, Australia) are introduced. The fathers of american constitution were the creators of modern federalism. Before it, there were only two types of political system; confederation and unitary state. Canada begins with strong centralized federalism but through judicial interpretation of constitution, states gained much more power than before. In Australia, the High Court has strong influence on the relation between central government and regional government. Through the High Court, the central government gradually gets more power. Then the systems of federal nations with european tradition(Germany, Swiss, Spain) are explained. Gemany has long history of confederation under rule of the Holy Roman Empire. After the Second World War, in Germany federal state was built to overcome dictatorship which was made in the era of Nazism. Recently German federalism was reformed through constitutional amendment in 2006. The purpose of the reform was to change cooperative federalism to competitive federalism but it was not so much successful. The spanish federalism is very unique. Some scholars say Spain is federal state, others disagree with them. In the fifth chapter, the distribution of powers and finance are dealt in detail. In the sixth chapter the second chamber is explained. The seventh chapter discusses the meanings of federalism to overcome Korean problems. In the discussion of decentralization in Korea federalism can give some important implications since particularly legislative decentralization is required for Korean political reform. This study offers an important clue for unification of Korea. With 3-10 regional governments in each South and North Korea can be accomplished Korean unification in the form of federation. A federation with only 2 regional governments is usually unstable. To cope with conflicts and problems among regions in Korea, federalism can be a solution.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.015 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".