X-ray induced partial discharge testing of full-size EHV insulators
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A new partial discharge (PD) measurement system has been assembled which takes advantage of modern ultrawideband instrumentation techniques and which eliminates the influence of statistical time lags on partial discharge initiation processes. The PD test system is designed to accommodate full size 550 kV insulators used in gas-insulated substations (GIS) at up to 800 kV at high sensitivity. The system is intended to improve the effectiveness of factory PD testing, thereby increasing GIS reliability. The system uses X-ray irradiation of the test object to eliminate the statistical time lag during PD measurement. Under X-ray irradiation the PD pulse repetition rate is increased and the discharge inception voltage (DIV) is sharply reduced. The DIV of some insulators under X-ray irradiation was recorded at values more than an order of magnitude lower than without X-rays. The XIPD technology is generic and can be readily extended to a broad range of insulation systems and equipment. The practical implications of this technology on acceptance testing of insulators is also discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".