Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Many passerine species exhibit a “dawn chorus”—a bout of intense singing activity before or at dawn, but our understanding of this phenomenon is poor. Tyrant flycatchers (Tyrannidae) exhibit pronounced daily bouts of dawn singing. I documented this behavior in several populations of Buff-breasted Flycatchers (Empidonax fulvifrons) in Arizona, tape recording >30,000 songs of 23 individuals during dawn singing. Individual males sang a dawn bout each morning, even during breeding phases when daytime song was almost completely absent. Dawn bouts began 5–10 min before local civil twilight and continued for 25–30 min. Each male possessed two song types delivered at high rates during dawn singing (four times the rate during sustained daytime singing). Song rate varied significantly over the course of dawn bouts, increasing to 55 songs / min at mid-bout, then declining to the end of the bout. Type 2 songs comprised about 30% of songs during dawn singing, and decreased significantly in proportion during the final 10 min of the bout. Songs of the two types were delivered in a nonrandom fashion. Males sang at locations near territory boundaries and pairs of neighbors engaged in counter-singing from the same locations each morning. A number of dawn singing bouts ended with attempted or successful copulations. These observations are consistent with the social dynamics hypothesis for the functional significance of dawn singing in this species. Varias especies de Passeriformes se caracterizan por hacer un “canto matinal”, cual es evento intensivo de cantos antes de o al amanecer. Sin embargo, nuestro conocimiento sobre este comportamiento es pobre. Miembros de la familia Tyrannidae se caracterizan por hacer cantos matinales pronunciadas y a diario. He documentado este comportamiento en varias poblaciones de Empidonax fulvifrons en Arizona mediante grabaciones de >30,000 cantos de 23 individuos cuales hacían cantos matinales. Los machos cantaban el canto matinal diariamente, inclusive durante las fases de la época reproductiva cuando los cantos hechos durante el día eran casi ausentes. Cantos matinales comenzaban desde 5–10 min antes del crepúsculo y continuaban por 25–30 min. Cada macho poseía dos tipos de canto matinal, caracterizados por altas tasas de canto (cuatro veces más rápidos que las tasas de canto realizados durante el día). La tasa del canto variaba significativamente durante los eventos de cantos matinales, incrementando hasta 55 cantos/min en el medio del evento, y después reduciéndose hasta el fin del evento de cantos. Cantos del Tipo 2 representaban aproximadamente el 30% de los cantos matinales y disminuyeron significativamente en proporción durante los últimos 10 min del evento. Los dos tipos de cantos no fueron pronunciados al azar. Los machos cantaban en sitios cerca de los límites de sus territorios y parejas que eran vecinas se encontraban cantando una a la otra desde los mismos sitios cada mañana. Algunos de los cantos matinales terminaron con intentos de copulación o con copulaciones exitosas. Estas observaciones son consistentes con la hipótesis de la dinámica social en cuanto a la importancia funcional de los cantos matinales en esta especie.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".