Physical and electrical characterization of TiO<sub>2</sub> particles after high temperature processing and before and after ultraviolet irradiation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this work, rutile-phase TiO 2 particles (r-TiO 2 , about 360 nm in size) are embedded within a silicon oxide matrix using different concentration ratios of r-TiO 2 with respect to SiO 2 :H 2 O, so that suspensions of mixed TiO 2 :SiO 2 oxides were obtained and analyzed. These TiO 2 :SiO 2 suspensions were deposited on previously-cleaned crystalline silicon and quartz substrates so that thin films of TiO 2 :SiO 2 were obtained. All films were then exposed to relatively high-temperature thermal treatments in nitrogen and different characterization techniques were used to determine their physical and electrical properties before and after ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Before high thermal treatment, X-ray diffraction patterns show that the main diffraction peaks for the obtained TiO 2 :SiO 2 films correspond to the crystalline phase of rutile-TiO 2 . Infrared analyses before and after thermal treatment show significant changes in the chemical bonding of the final films relative to the temperatures used during annealing. Also, UV–visible spectra provide a constant optical band gap for the films, independent of different TiO 2 concentrations as expected. On the other hand, atomic-force microscopy measurements before and after UV irradiation show an appreciable difference in the grain size and surface morphology of the resulting TiO 2 :SiO 2 oxides annealed at 1000 °C. Finally, photoelectrical I–V properties were obtained for all TiO 2 :SiO 2 films by depositing ultrathin titanium stripes on top of the photoactive material and then, measuring the total current flowing through the metal electrode before and after UV irradiation. From these last measurements, a detectable increase in the I–V slope (lower resistance of the titanium stripe) is found for all samples during UV exposure, thus making this device to act as a simple photoresistor based on r-TiO 2 particles.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".