Physical and electrical characterization of TiO<sub>2</sub> particles after high temperature processing and before and after ultraviolet irradiation
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this work, rutile-phase TiO 2 particles (r-TiO 2 , about 360 nm in size) are embedded within a silicon oxide matrix using different concentration ratios of r-TiO 2 with respect to SiO 2 :H 2 O, so that suspensions of mixed TiO 2 :SiO 2 oxides were obtained and analyzed. These TiO 2 :SiO 2 suspensions were deposited on previously-cleaned crystalline silicon and quartz substrates so that thin films of TiO 2 :SiO 2 were obtained. All films were then exposed to relatively high-temperature thermal treatments in nitrogen and different characterization techniques were used to determine their physical and electrical properties before and after ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Before high thermal treatment, X-ray diffraction patterns show that the main diffraction peaks for the obtained TiO 2 :SiO 2 films correspond to the crystalline phase of rutile-TiO 2 . Infrared analyses before and after thermal treatment show significant changes in the chemical bonding of the final films relative to the temperatures used during annealing. Also, UV–visible spectra provide a constant optical band gap for the films, independent of different TiO 2 concentrations as expected. On the other hand, atomic-force microscopy measurements before and after UV irradiation show an appreciable difference in the grain size and surface morphology of the resulting TiO 2 :SiO 2 oxides annealed at 1000 °C. Finally, photoelectrical I–V properties were obtained for all TiO 2 :SiO 2 films by depositing ultrathin titanium stripes on top of the photoactive material and then, measuring the total current flowing through the metal electrode before and after UV irradiation. From these last measurements, a detectable increase in the I–V slope (lower resistance of the titanium stripe) is found for all samples during UV exposure, thus making this device to act as a simple photoresistor based on r-TiO 2 particles.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it