Bathymetry and Sediment Accumulation of Walker Lake, PA Using Two GPR Antennas in a New Integrated Method
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Silting within all man-made reservoirs can be a major problem because of a lower potential water storage. Exploring a lake’s bathymetry with electromagnetic techniques is one way to identify the magnitude of sediment accumulation in these reservoirs. In this study, the bathymetry and sediment accumulation of Walker Lake, Pennsylvaia were explored with ground penetrating radar (GPR) using either a 400 or 100 MHz antenna, depending on the depth of the lake. The assembled apparatus herein included two GPR antennas placed in an inflatable boat towed by another boat powered by an electrical trolling motor. A total of eighteen crossings were performed along the entire length of the lake and a new integrated method using multiple processing software was applied to generate three-dimensional and contoured surfaces of bathymetry, sediment accumulation, and the original 1971 basin topography prior to the construction of Walker Lake Dam. The bathymetry, volume of sediment, and its accumulation rate were estimated. The lake depth was found to vary between a few centimeters near the inlet to 9 m nearer the dam. Deposition of sediment takes place mainly near the inlet to the lake and along the old channel of Middle Creek. The sedimentation gradually decreases toward the dam, ranging between 0 and 1.85 m in terms of bulk sediment volume.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it