Land Policy and Systematic Transformation in Chinese Rural Areas （1950—1978）
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Based on historical review of the Chinese rural land policy from 1950 to 1978, we looked back the devious journey undergone in Chinese rural areas during this period. At first, the landlord’s ownership was transferred into the peasant’s ownership; and then private ownership was transferred into public ownership. The radical transformation of property right and process of agricultural cooperation went against the economic law and the wills of the mass peasants, which led to laggard rural productive forces and long-term low peasants’ income level. During the policy transformation process, political and ideological factors played the predominant role, which led to harmful results. The experiences in this period demonstrated that the economic developmental model and systematic arrangement in Chinese rural areas should satisfy the peasants’ free wills and protect the peasants’ essential interests. Only in this way could the Chinese rural economy gain fast development. Key Words: Chinese Rural Areas, Land Policy, System Arrangement, Ideology, Interests. Abstrait: Bases sur une revision historique de la politique de terre dans les regions rurales de Chine de 1950 a 1978, nous avons mene un examen retrospectif sur le parcours detourne qu’avaient traverse ces regions pendant cette periode. Au debut, les terres des proprietaires fonciers avaient ete transferees comme proprietes des paysans ; et puis, les proprietes privees avaient ete transfere comme proprietes publiques. La transformation radicale du droit de propriete et le processus de la cooperation agricole apres la reforme de terre allaient a l’encontre de la loi economique et de la volonte des paysans, ce qui avait conduit a un retard des forces productives dans les regions rurales et a un niveau de revenu tres inferieur pour les paysans chinois. Dans ce processus de transformation de politiques, les facteurs politiques et ideologiques avaient joue un role predominant, d’ou des resultats defavorables. Les experiences que nous avons tirees pendant cette periode montrent bien que le modele du developpement economique et l’arrangement systematique dans les regions rurales de Chine doivent satisfaire la volonte des paysans et proteger leurs interets fondamentaux. C’est aussi le seul moyen qui permette aux regions rurales de Chine de realiser un developpement rapide. Mots Cles: Regions Rurales de Chine, Politique de Terre, Transformation Systematique, Ideologie, Interets. 摘要：本文通過對中國農村 1950年到 1978年土地政策的歷史追溯，研究這一時期中國農村走過的曲折路程。這一時期中國農村由土地地主所有變為農民所有，繼而由產權私有轉變為產權公有。產權的根本性變更和農業合作化的過程，違背了經濟規律和廣大農民的意願，導致中國農村生產力水準和農民收入水準的長期低下。在政策變遷的過程中，政治和意識形態因素發揮了主導作用，造成了不良的後果。事實表明，中國農村的經濟發展模式和制度安排要建立在農民自願和保護農民基本利益的基礎之上，如此才能使中國的農村經濟得到快速的發展。 關鍵詞：中國農村；土地政策；制度安排；意識形態；利益
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".