Lung morphometry using hyperpolarized <sup>129</sup>Xe apparent diffusion coefficient anisotropy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: The goal of this work was to investigate lung morphological changes associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) using hyperpolarized (129) Xe diffusion-weighted MRI. METHODS: Hyperpolarized (129) Xe MRI was performed at three different nonzero diffusion sensitizations (b-value = 12, 20, and 30 s/cm(2) ) in the lungs of four subjects with COPD and four healthy volunteers. The image signal intensities were fit as a function of b-value to obtain anisotropic diffusion coefficient maps for all subjects. The image signal intensities were also fit to a morphological model allowing extraction of length scales associated with the terminal airways: external radius (R), internal radius (r), mean airspace chord length (Lm ), and depth of alveolar sleeve (h). RESULTS: Longitudinal (DL ) and transverse (DT ) anisotropic diffusion coefficients were both significantly increased (both P= 0.004) in the COPD subjects (0.102 ± 0.02 cm(2) /s and 0.072 ± 0.02 cm(2) /s, respectively) compared with the healthy subjects (0.083 ± 0.011 cm(2) /s and 0.046 ± 0.017 cm(2) /s, respectively). Significant morphological differences were observed between the COPD subjects and healthy volunteers, specifically decreases in h (68 ± 36 µm vs. 95 ± 710 µm, respectively, P = 0.019) and increases in Lm (352 ± 57 µm vs. 253 ± 37 µm, respectively, P = 0.002) consistent with values obtained previously using hyperpolarized (3) He MRI in similar subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Diffusion-weighted hyperpolarized (129) Xe MRI is a promising technique for mapping changes in human lung morphology and may be useful for early detection of emphysema associated with COPD.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it