Bibliographic record
Abstract
The most commonly used program for the analysis of piles under static lateral loading is LPILE. The program uses the nonlinear Winkler springs recommended by the American Petroleum Institute (API) to model soil–pile interaction. The p–y (load–displacement) curves were developed from field tests, with pile diameters in the range 0.324–0.67 m. When these p–y curves are used to analyze load tests on piles with larger diameters, the computed load–deflection curves underestimate the stiffnesses of the test piles. This effect is referred to as the pile diameter effect. In this technical note, a very different approach is presented to evaluate the pile diameter effect. Both LPILE and a continuum-based finite element program VERSAT-P3D were calibrated to closely simulate the results of two lateral load tests on small-diameter piles at two different sites. VERSAT-P3D modelled the volume of the pile and LPILE did not. Each program was used to develop p–y curves for increasingly larger pile diameters up to 2.0 m. An important finding for practice is that there was no pile diameter effect for displacements up to 60 mm. LPILE can be used with confidence in practice in this displacement range. Thereafter, the load–deflection curves from LPILE became softer and the pile diameter effect became evident.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".