Enzymatic polymerization of sodium lignosulfonates: effect of catalysts, initial molecular weight, and mediators
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different parameters on the enzymatic polymerization of sodium lignosulfonates (SLS) by laccase, compared with the chemical treatment by manganese III. Different initial molecular weights of SLS (commercial SLS (17 800 Da), F 1 (4300 Da), F 2 (2500 Da), and F 3 (2300 Da)) were tested. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC-UV), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and phenolic group determination showed that SLS molecular weight increases depending on the laccase origin, the enzyme, and the substrate concentrations and the initial molecular weight of the SLS fractions. The highest molecular weight (M w ) was obtained by fungal laccases, specifically when using laccase from Trametes versicolor, while no reactivity was observed by plant laccase (laccase from Rhus vernicifera). The largest increase of M w (108 600 Da) is reached when using SLS (17 800 Da) at 50 g/L and 30 U/mL of laccase from Trametes versicolor. The laccase polymerization of SLS can be improved by the use of a mediator. In this study, 5 mediators were studied for F 1 polymerization by laccase from Trametes versicolor: acetosyringone (ASG), violuric acid (VLA), 1-hydroxy-benzotriazole (HBT), acetovanillone (ACV) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS). Results of F 1 polymerization with mediators showed that only ASG and VLA lead to a higher molecular weight (7500 Da) compared with reactions carried without a mediator (6600 Da).
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".