Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Tetrazolium Reductase Identifies Microvasculature Activation in Muscle from Adult Patients with Dermatomyositis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Previous work has suggested involvement of the muscle microvasculature in the pathogenesis of dermatomyositis (DM). Our study evaluates whether standard histochemical reactions can identify microvascular changes in muscle biopsies from patients with DM compared to myopathic and nonmyopathic controls. METHODS: Muscle biopsies were obtained from 111 patients, including 45 patients with DM. Microvascular quantitation was performed on transversely oriented 1-μm toluidine blue-stained plastic sections. Histoenzymatic procedures included alkaline phosphatase (AP), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide tetrazolium reductase (NADH-TR), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), cytochrome C oxidase (COX), and myosin ATPase reactions. RESULTS: Capillary density was significantly lower in DM muscle biopsies compared to biopsies from patients with noninflammatory myopathies (NIM; n = 26) and healthy control muscle (n = 27; mean ± SD: 252 ± 114 vs 402 ± 56 and 325 ± 109 capillaries/mm(2), respectively; p values < 0.05). In contrast, a marked increase in the number of capillaries staining with NADH-TR was noted in DM compared to other idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM; n = 13), NIM, and controls (49.8 ± 50.7 vs 8.0 ± 7.1, 6.7 ± 7.2, and 3.6 ± 2.8 capillaries/mm(2); p < 0.05 compared to DM). DM capillaries also demonstrated mildly increased staining with AP compared to controls; however, no increased SDH or COX reactivity was observed. CONCLUSION: DM muscle capillaries are highly reactive with NADH-TR compared to myopathic and nonmyopathic controls. The lack of staining of DM capillaries with mitochondrial SDH and COX reactions suggests that NADH-TR reactivity may be secondary to activation of the microvascular endoplasmic reticulum, rather than mitochondrial hyperplasia.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".