Environmental Aging Effect on Tensile Properties of GFRP Made of Furfuryl Alcohol Bioresin Compared to Epoxy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Biocomposites are emerging as a possible sustainable alternative in structural applications, and as a result, a major focus should be on their durability. This study focuses on the environmental aging of bioresin glass fiber–reinforced polymer (GFRP) through immersion in saltwater at elevated temperatures. The resin is furfuryl alcohol based, derived from renewable resources, such as corncobs and sugarcanes. Deterioration was quantified by tensile testing of unidirectional bioresin GFRP coupons at various stages of exposure, and compared to conventional epoxy GFRP coupons under the same conditions. A total of 150 specimens were exposed to three different environments, namely 23°, 40°, and 55°C water with 3% salt concentration, for up to 300 days. It was found that the bioresin GFRP retained 80, 44, and 39% of its original strength at the three temperatures, respectively. On the other hand, the epoxy GFRP exhibited 86, 72, and 61% strength retentions, respectively. No reductions occurred to the Young’s moduli. The Arrhenius model was applied, assuming environments with mean annual temperatures of 3°, 10°, and 20°C, representing different regions in North America. It was estimated that bioresin GFRP strength retentions after 100 years, at the three mean temperatures, are 65, 61, and 50%, respectively.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".