Comparison of Ray-Tracing Packages for Troposphere Delays
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A comparison campaign to evaluate and compare troposphere delays from different ray-tracing software was carried out under the umbrella of the International Association of Geodesy Working Group 4.3.3 in the first half of 2010 with five institutions participating: the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), the Groupe de Recherche de Geodesie Spatiale, the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), the University of New Brunswick, and the Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics of the Vienna University of Technology. High-resolution data from the operational analysis of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) for stations Tsukuba (Japan) and Wettzell (Germany) were provided to the participants of the comparison campaign. The data consisted of geopotential differences with respect to mean sea level, temperature, and specific humidity, all at isobaric levels. Additionally, information about the geoid undulations was provided, and the participants computed the ray-traced total delays for 5$^{\circ}$elevation angle and every degree in azimuth. In general, we find good agreement between the ray-traced slant factors from the different solutions at 5$^{\circ}$elevation if determined from the same pressure level data of the ECMWF. Standard deviations and biases are at the 1-cm level (or significantly better for some combinations). Some of these discrepancies are due to differences in the algorithms and the interpolation approaches. If compared with slant factors determined from ECMWF native model level data, the biases can be significantly larger.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.020 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".