Micromachined Electrophoresis Chips with Electrochemical Detectors for Analysis of Explosive Compounds in Soil and Groundwater
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A capillary electrophoresis (CE) microsystem with amperometric detection has been developed to form a reusable, sensitive, and low-cost analytical device. As part of an electrochemical detection system, the working gold electrode was inserted into a specially designed detection cell, with its sensing area positioned just outside the separation channel outlet to provide high-sensitivity detection with negligible interferences from the separation electric field. Electrophoretic separations of trinitrotoluene (TNT) and four other nitroaromatic explosives in under 4 min with detection limits of 100−200 μg/L demonstrated the good resolution as well as sensitivity of the CE microchip. The system was applicable for analysis of the explosive content of soil extracts and groundwater, yielding results in good agreement with the standard procedure. This truly reusable detection system is particularly useful for several applications that require frequent surface cleaning or electrode replacement due to severe surface poisoning.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".