Influence of estrogen on aortic stiffness and endothelial function in female rats
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying cardioprotective properties of estrogens are not fully understood. We evaluated effects of ovariectomy and estrogen replacement on arterial distensibility and endothelial function in rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were sham operated (Sham) or ovariectomized and treated with 17beta-estradiol (OVX-E(2)) or vehicle (OVX) for 3 wk. Anesthetized rats were instrumented for measurement of central and peripheral arterial blood pressures and carotid and hindquarters blood flows. Arterial distensibility was evaluated in anesthetized rats on the basis of changes in thoracoabdominal pressure pulse wave velocity (PWV). PWV was calculated as the distance between the two central and peripheral cannula tips divided by transit time. Ovariectomy significantly reduced PWV (390 +/- 19 and 472 +/- 42 cm/s in OVX and Sham, respectively). Estrogen treatment completely normalized PWV (490 +/- 37 cm/s). Estrogen-treated rats were associated with left ventricular hypertrophy and increased pulse pressure. Resting hemodynamic parameters were similar in all groups. Estrogen replacement significantly potentiated bradykinin vasodilatory responses in the hindlimb, but not in the carotid vascular bed. Hemodynamic responses to sodium nitroprusside and ANG II were similar in all groups. In conclusion, our results demonstrate for the first time that aortic stiffness determined by PWV is decreased in estrogen-deficient rats. Estrogen treatment increases aortic stiffness and potentiates endothelial vasodilator function in the hindquarters, but not in the carotid vascular bed, suggesting a regional heterogeneity in the modulatory influence of estrogen on vasomotor function.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".